Typification of three names in the genus 'Galium' (Rubiaceae); Tipificación de tres nombres en el género 'Galium' ('Rubiaceae')

TypificaTion of The Three names in The genus Galium (rubiaceae).— The typification of three names in the genus Galium described from the eastern Iberian Peninsula: G. valentinum, G. valentinum var. idubedae, and G. capillare, is discussed. The designation of the nomenclatural types is based on the consultation of original material and the literature cited in the respective protologues. The names are lectotypified using specimens from C (John Lange herbarium), JE, and a Cavanilles’ original illustration published in 1793.


INTRODUCTION
Galium L. is one of the largest genera of the Rubiaceae (subfamily Rubioideae), with about 650 species and approximately 780 taxa placed in 16 sections, including perennial and annual herbs that are distributed in temperate and tropical regions of the world, but also in alpine and arctic regions (Willis, 1985;Mabberley, 1987;Ehrendorfer et al., 2005;Tao & Ehrendorfer, 2011).
Typification should be the starting point of any taxonomic study especially in a difficult genus such as Galium. Several species of Galium are very difficult to identify correctly because the plants present seasonal changes in the morphology of vegetative parts (Ehrendorfer et al., 1994(Ehrendorfer et al., , 2014Soza & Olmstead, 2010).
As a further contribution in our studies to the nomenclature in the genus Galium and Asperula L. (see e.g. Ferrer-Gallego, 2015Ferrer-Gallego & Laguna, 2018;Ferrer-Gallego et al., 2019), I here discuss the nomenclatural types of three names: G. capillare Cav., G. valentinum Lange, and G. valentinum var. idubedae Pau ex Debeaux. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the stability of the nomenclature by the lectotypification of these three names. The combination G. valentinum var. idubedae is currently accepted with species rank as G. idubedae (Pau ex Debeaux) Pau, and the name G. capillare is treated as a synonym of G. setaceum Lam. (see Ehrendorfer et al., 1976;Ortega Olivencia & Devesa, 2007).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The names are arranged in alphabetic order, followed by homotypic synonyms (indicated with the symbol ≡) and/or heterotypic synonyms (with the symbol =). Currently accepted names are set in bold italic typeface. Herbarium acronyms follow Thiers (2020).
Unfortunately, these two specimens at MPU lack relevant information such as provenance and date of collection. Therefore, although they may be original material, it is not possible to accredit this statement, so I do not recommend their choice as a lectotype.
I have not been able to locate any further original material in any consulted herbaria, and possibly the specimen at C is the only specimen of the gathering and the only original material that was used by Lange in the description of this name. However, as I cannot exclude that there are more than one specimen of this taxon, I consider the specimen as the lectotype of the name Galium valentinum, admitting that the specimen might well be the holotype (see McNeill, 2014). This specimen matches the traditional concept and the current use of the name, showing some diagnostic features (e.g. stems slender, retrorsely aculeolate; leaves with upper surface and margin antrorsely scabridulous; hyaline apex short; inflorescence many-flowered, ovoid; pedicels divaricate; corolla 1.7-2 mm in diameter, yellowish, fruit ca. 1 mm, shining, papillose; cf. Ehrendorfer et al., 1976;Ortega Olivencia & Devesa, 2007).
I have found some relevant specimens of this species at several herbaria. In the Pau herbarium at MA there are two specimens relevant for typification, MA00431617 and MA00117705. The specimen MA00431617 was collected by Pau in Peñagolosa in June 1891. The specimen MA00117705 was collected by Pau in Sierra de Espadán in June 1875 and matchs with the specimen indicated by Debeaux in the protologue "La Sierra d'Espadan [...] (E. Rev., C. Pau)". These two specimens are undoubtedly syntypes of G. valentinum var. idubedae.
In the herbarium JE there is a specimen, JE00009734, that can be treated as original material of the name. The sheet bears a complete plant, with leaves, flowers and fruits, and a printed label from the Reverchon exsiccatum [G. valentinum E. Rev. Plant Téruel exs. nº 664 (1891et 1895] cited in the protologue by Debeaux. This printed label is annotated as "Elisée Reverchon -Plantes d'Espagne -1891 / Province de Valence / Nº 664 / Galium Valentinum Lge. / Willkomm. / Sierra de Espadan, mâquis herbeux, sur le calcaire triasique. / 1.800 mètres / Juillet" (Fig. 3). In addition, two duplicate specimens of this material are preserved at WU (barcode WU0033772) and G (barcode G00436208 [two sheets]). These sheets bear well-developed plants and also the same printed label that the sheet JE00009734. These three specimens (at JE, WU, and G) are therefore syntypes. Typification of three names in the genus Galium (Rubiaceae) In conclusion, in all cases the specimens match with the traditional concept and the current use of the name, showing important diagnostic features (e.g. stems with middle internodes shorter than or up to twice as long as the leaves; leaves acicular, 13-20 times as long as wide; margin more or less thickened, flat; midrib somewhat thickened, hyaline apex; inflorescence more or less corymbose; corolla 2-2.5(-3.5) mm in diameter; fruit 1-1.5 mm, weakly papillose; cf. Ehrendorfer et al., 1976;Ortega Olivencia & Devesa, 2007). I designate as the lectotype of the name Galium valentinum var. idubedae the specimen JE barcode JE00009734 because it is a complete specimen that also has two duplicates.