Evolución temporal y diversificación en <i>Artemisia</i> y géneros relacionados (Anthemideae, Asteraceae)

M. Sanz; G. M. Schneeweiss; R. Vilatersana; j. Vallès

doi:10.3989/collectbot.2011.v30.001

Autores/as

M. Sanz Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona; Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB)
G. M. Schneeweiss Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna
R. Vilatersana Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB)
j. Vallès Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.2011.v30.001

Palabras clave:

Anthemideae, Artemisia, Artemisiinae, Biogeografía, Compositae, Datación molecular, Evolución morfológica

Resumen

Evolución temporal y diversificación en Artemisia y géneros relacionados (Anthemideae, Asteraceae).- Con el objetivo de estimar el tiempo de diversificación de los linajes de la subtribu Artemisiinae y el grupo Artemisia se aplicó un análisis de verosimilitud penalizado en base a las secuencias de ADNrn, ITS y ETS, de 63 representantes. El árbol se calibró en el nodo del linaje de Kaschgaria/Artemisia con el polen fósil de Artemisia que se consideró más fiablemente datado, siendo esta datación del Oligoceno Superior (23 Ma). Los resultados de este estudio datan el origen de la subtribu en el Oligoceno Superior (24,6 ± 2,6 Ma), mientras que la diferenciación del género Artemisia y los géneros relacionados es datada en el Mioceno Inferior (19,8 ± 2,3 Ma). El tiempo de divergencia de los linajes dentro del grupo Artemisia está situado entre el Mioceno Inferior y el Medio, mientras que la mayoría de sus radiaciones tuvieron lugar en el Mioceno Superior y en el Plioceno. El contexto temporal también se usó para examinar la evolución biogeográfica y morfológica (tipo de capítulo y polen). Todos los linajes dentro del grupo de Artemisia, excepto el complejo endémico norteamericano, han colonizado la cuenca mediterránea en diferentes épocas. Nuestros análisis sugieren la divergencia del grupo endémico norteamericano de antepasados asiáticos (10,8 ± 1,5 Ma) en el Mioceno Superior. El capítulo homógamo-discoide, característico de los subgéneros Seriphidium y Tridentatae, evolucionó no sólo en diferentes regiones geográficas, sino también en distintas épocas (2,0 ± 0,8 Ma y 7,9 ± 0,9 Ma respectivamente) dentro del grupo Artemisia. La pérdida de fertilidad de las flores centrales del capítulo disciforme se debería considerar como un evento antiguo en el género, puesto que el subgénero Dracunculus es uno de los primeros grupos que divergió (17,6 ± 2,1 Ma).

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