Patrones de distribución de los bosques subtropicales perennifolios de hoja ancha del suroeste de China en comparación con aquellos de las regiones subtropicales del este de China
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.2015.v34.006Palabras clave:
distribución espacial, diversidad de especies vegetales, especies dominantes, gradiente medioambiental, sucesión, tipo de bosqueResumen
En este trabajo se analiza los patrones de distribución geográfica de los bosques subtropicales perennifolios de hoja ancha del suroeste de china, y se comparan con los de otras regiones subtropicales del este de China en términos de tipología de bosque, especies relevantes, y distribución espacial a lo largo de un gradiente latitudinal, longitudinal y altitudinal. De manera general, los bosques perennifolios de hoja ancha de la regiones subtropicales tanto orientales como occidentales presentan dominancia de especies de Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Cyclobalanopsis (Fagaceae), Machilus, Cinnamomum (Lauraceae), Schima (Theaceae), Manglietia y Michelia (Magnoliaceae); sin embargo, mientras que en el suroeste de China hay más diversidad de tipos de bosques perennifolios de hoja ancha —húmedos, semi-húmedos, monzónicos y montanos húmedos—, en el este del país la variedad de tipos se limita a dos: monzónicos y húmedos. El área de Yunnan tiene una mayor variedad de especies dominantes de los géneros Lithocarpus, Cyclobalanopsis y Castanopsis, mientras que en este de China el género dominante es casi invariablemente Castanopsis. El límite altitudinal superior de los bosques perennifolios de hoja ancha se sitúa en 2400-2800 m para el oeste de las provincias de Yunnan y Sichuan, muy superior a lo que sucede en el este del país (entre 600 y 1500 m, aunque para Taiwan el límite alcanza los 2500 m). En último lugar se discuten los efectos medioambientales sobre la diversidad de especies vegetales de los bosques perennes de hoja ancha, y se proporcionan ejemplos de Yunnan y Taiwan.
Descargas
Citas
Auclair, A. N. & Goff, F. G. 1971. Diversity relations of upland forests in the western Great Lakes area. The American Naturalist 105: 499–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/282742
Bai, Z.-B., Zhang, H.-J. & Ren, G. 2012. [Quantitative classification and ordination of Simian Mountains, Chongqing]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science 40: 14839–14843 [in Chinese].
Bao, W. & Liu, Z. 2002. [Community features of primary and naturally secondary evergreen broad-leaved forests in Mt. Wawu in Sichuan, China]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Biology 8: 120–126 [in Chinese].
Box, E. O. 1995. Climatic relations of East and Southeast Asia. In: Box, E. O., Peet, R. K., Masuzawa, T., Yamada, I., Fujiwara, K. & Maycock, P. F. (Eds.), Vegetation science in forestry. Global perspective based on forest ecosystems of East and Southeast Asia. Papers from four symposia from the International Congress of Ecology, Yokohama 1990. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 23?55.
Chang, Y., Zhong, Q., Cheng, D., Xu, C., Hu, B. & Zhang, Z. 2013. [Species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest with different forest age in the north-west of Fujian province]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences 22: 955– 960 [in Chinese].
Chen, B. & Su, Z. 1995. [Species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Babaoshan Nature Reserve, Guangdong]. Journal of South China Agriculture University 16: 32–36 [in Chinese].
Chen, W. L. 1995. The present status of degraded ecosystems in China. In: Chen, L. Z. & Chen, W. L. (Eds.), [Degraded ecosystems in China]. China Science and Technology Press, Beijing: 16–23 [in Chinese].
Da, L.-J., Yang, Y.-C. & Song, Y.-C. 2004. [Population structure and regeneration types of dominant species in an evergreen broad-leaved forest in Tiantong National Forest Park, Zhejiang Province, China]. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica 28: 376–384 [in Chinese].
Deng, T., Zhang, D.-G. & Chen, G.-X. 2008. [Characteristics of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Xiaoxi National Natural Reserve, Hunan Province and its ecological significance]. Journal of Jishou University (Natural Science Edition) 29: 87–93 [in Chinese].
Gao, G., Chen, D., Ren, G., Chen, Y. & Liao, Y. 2006. Spatial and temporal variations and controlling factors of potential evapotranspiration in China: 1956–2000. Journal of Geographical Sciences 16: 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11442-006-0101-7
Guo, K. & Werger, M. J. A. 2010. Effect of prevailing monsoons on the distribution of beeches in continental East Asia. Forest Ecology and Management 259: 2197–2203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.11.034
Halpern, C. B. & Spies, T. A. 1995. Plant species diversity in natural and managed forests of the Pacific Northwest. Ecological Applications 5: 913–934. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2269343
Hattori, T. & Nakanishi, S. 1985. On the distributional limits of the lucidophyllous forest in the Japanese Archipelago. The Botanical Magazine, Tokyo 98: 317–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02488498
He, M., Zhang, J., Liu, S. & Li, W. 1996. [A preliminary study on the natural vegetation of Black Bamboo Ravine in Ebian County of Sichuan]. Journal of Sichuan University (Natural Science Edition) 33: 347–350 [in Chinese].
Holdridge, L. R. 1947. Determination of world plant formations from simple climatic data. Science 105: 367–368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.105.2727.367 PMid:17800882
Hou, X.-Y. 1983. Vegetation of China with reference to its geographical distribution. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 70: 509–548. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2992085
Hu, C.-T. 1999. [Vegetation types of Xiaoheshan in the Daxue Mountain Nature Reserve, Longling]. Yunnan Forestry Investigation, Plan and Design 24: 1–7 [in Chinese].
Hu, Z., Yu, M., Ding, B., Fang, T., Qiang, H. & Chen, Q. 2003. [Types of evergreen broad-leaved forests and their species diversity in Gutian Mountain National Nature Reserve]. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology 9: 341–345 [in Chinese].
Huang, Y. H., Tang, S.-Q., Lu, Z.-Y., Liang, X.-T. & Pan, Q.- D. 2006. [Characteristics of main vegetation types in Jinzhongshan Nature Reserve, Guangxi Province]. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany 14: 499–503 [in Chinese].
Huang, Z., Kong, G., Zhang, Q. & Liu, S. 1998. Structure, species diversity and population dynamics of the lower subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve. In: Sun, H.-L. (Ed.), [The study of tropical and subtropical forest ecosystem] 8. Meteorology Press, Beijing: 64–75 [in Chinese].
Kira, T. 1945. A new classification of climate in eastern Asia as the basis of agriculture geography. Horticultural Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto [in Japanese].
Kira, T. 1991. Forest ecosystems of east and southeast Asia in a global perspective. Ecological Research 6: 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02347161
Li, C. 1997. [Distribution of evergreen broad-leaved forests in East Asia]. Natural Resources 2: 37?46 [in Chinese].
Li, D., Tang, J.-W., Luo, C.-K., Li, J.-S. & Liu, Z.-A. 2006. [Community characteristics of the monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan]. Journal of Mountain Science 24: 257–267 [in Chinese].
Li, H., Guo, H. & Dao, Z. 2000. [Flora of the Gaoligong Mountains]. Science Press, Beijing [in Chinese].
Liu, E.-D. & Peng, H. 2007. [A preliminary floristic study on the mid-montane humid evergreen broad-leaved forest of Yongde Snow Mountain, SW Yunnan, China]. Acta Botanica Yunnanica 29: 129–136 [in Chinese].
Liu, J.-M. & Zhong, Z.-C. 2000. [Nature of seed rain, the seed bank and regeneration of a Castanopsis fargesii community on Fanjing Mountain]. Acta Phytoeologica Sinica 24: 402?407 [in Chinese].
Liu, Y. 1985. [Numerical classification to the evergreen broadleaf forest in the Jinyun Mountain, Sichuan Province]. Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica 9: 315?325 [in Chinese].
Liu, Z.-G. & Qiu, F.-Y. 1986. [The main vegetation types and their distribution in the Gongga mountainous region]. Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica 10: 26?34 [in Chinese].
NCNWC (The Normal College of Northwest China) 1984. [Maps of the Natural Geography of China]. Department of Geography, Normal College of Northwest China, Lanzhou & Special Publications Map Office, Beijing [in Chinese].
Ohsawa, M. 1990. An interpretation of latitudinal patterns of forest limits in south and east Asian mountains. Journal of Ecology 78: 326?339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261115
Ohsawa, M. 1993. Latitudinal pattern of mountain vegetation zonation in southern and eastern Asia. Journal of Vegetation Science 4: 13?18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3235728
Ohsawa, M. 1995. Latitudinal comparison of altitudinal changes in forest structure, leaf-type and species richness in humid Asia. Vegetatio 121: 3?10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00044667
Peet, R. K. 1978. Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range: patterns of species diversity. Vegetatio 37: 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00126830
Peng, H., Du, Y., Li, J., Ouyang, X. & Huang, Z. 2006b. [Comparison of population distribution pattern of evergreen broad-leaved forests between Nanling Dadingshan Nature Reserve and Dinghushan]. Ecology and Environment 15: 770–774 [in Chinese].
Peng, H. & Wu, Z.-Y. 2001. [The floristic characteristics and its significance in conservation of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests in Mt. Wuliangshan]. Acta Botanica Yunnanica 23: 278?286 [in Chinese].
Peng, M. & Dang, C. 1998. [Studies on interspecific association of both Castanopsis orthacantha and Castanopsis delavayi communities on Jizu Mountain, Yunnan Province]. Acta Ecologica Sinica 18: 159?166 [in Chinese].
Peng, M.-C., Wang, C.-Y. & Dang, C.-L. 2006a. [Studies on biodiversity and conservation in Yaoshan Nature Reserve]. Science Press, Beijing [in Chinese].
Qiu, Z.-J., Liu, P., Liu, C.-S. & Gao, J.-G. 2010. [Community structure and regeneration types of dominant species in an evergreen broad-leaved forest in Mount Beishan of Jinhua, China]. Guihaia 30: 629–635 [in Chinese].
Shi, J.-P., Chang, Y.-F., Xu, C.-D. & Zhu, H. 2011. [Synecological studies on the semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in Huajiaoyuan Nature Reserve, Chuxiong, Yunnan]. Guihaia 31: 204–207 [in Chinese].
Shi, J. P. & Zhu, H. 2009. Tree species composition and diversity of tropical mountain cloud forest in the Yunnan, southwestern China. Ecological Research 24: 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-008-0484-2
Song, Y.-C. 1995. On the global position of the evergreen broad-leaved forests of China. In: Box, E. O., Peet, R. K., Masuzawa, T., Yamada, I., Fujiwara, K. & Maycock, P. F. (Eds.), Vegetation science in forestry. Global perspective based on forest ecosystems of East and Southeast Asia. Papers from four symposia from the International Congress of Ecology, Yokohama 1990. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 69–84.
Song, Y.-C. (Ed.) 2013. [Evergreen broad-leaved forests in China, classification-ecology- conservation]. Science Press, Beijing [in Chinese]. SVEG (Sichuan Vegetation Editorial Group) 1980. [The vegetation of Sichuan]. Sichuan People’s Press, Chengdu [in Chinese].
Tagawa, H. 1995. Distribution of lucidophyll oak-laurel forest formation in Asia and other areas. Tropics 5: 1–40. http:// g/10.3759/tropics.5.1
Tang, C. Q. 2010. Subtropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forests of Yunnan, China: diversity, succession dynamics, human influence. Frontiers of Earth Science in China 4: 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11707-009-0057-x
Tang, C. Q., Chiou, C.-R., Lin, C.-T. et al. 2013. Plant diversity patterns in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests of Yunnan and Taiwan. Ecological Research 28: 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-012-1002-0
Tang, C. Q. & He, L.-Y. 2013. Population status of the Tertiary relict Tetracentron sinense in the subtropical Ailao Mountains, Yunnan, SW China, and proposed conservation efforts. Annual Report of Pro Natura Fund 21: 141–150.
Tang, C. Q., Hou, X., Gao, K., Xia, T., Duan, C. & Fu, D. 2007b. Man-made versus natural forests in mid-Yunnan, southwestern China: plant diversity and initial data on water and soil conservation. Mountain Research and Development 27: 242?249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/mrd.0732
Tang, C. Q., Li, T. & Zhu, X. 2007a. Structure and regeneration dynamics of three subtropical midmontane moist evergreen broad-leaved forests in southwestern China, with special reference to bamboo in the forest understories. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37: 2701–2714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/X07-101
Tang, C. Q., Li, Y.-H. & Zhang, Z.-Y. 2010a. Species diversity patterns of natural secondary plant communities and man-made forests in a subtropical mountainous karst area, Yunnan, SW China. Mountain Research and Development 30: 244–251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-10-00021.1
Tang, C. Q. & Ohsawa, M. 1997. Zonal transition of evergreen, deciduous and coniferous forests along the altitudinal gradient on a humid subtropical mountain, Mt. Emei, Sichuan, China. Plant Ecology 133: 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009729027521
Tang, C. Q. & Ohsawa, M. 2000. Transitional pattern of tree leaf-types from tropical to temperate forests on Mt. Emei, Sichuan, China. In: Zheng, D. & Zhu, L. (Eds.), Formation, evolution and sustainable development on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Academy Press, Beijing: 397–407.
Tang, C. Q. & Ohsawa, M. 2009. Ecology of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests of Yunnan, southwestern China as compared to those of southwestern Japan. Journal of Plant Research 122: 335–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10265-009-0221-0 PMid:19277828
Tang, C. Q., Zhao M.-H., Li, X.-S., Ohsawa, M. & Ou, X.- K. 2010b. Secondary succession of plant communities in a subtropical mountainous region of SW China. Ecological Research 25: 149–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-009-0644-z
Tang, C. Q. & Zhu, X. 2007. Structure and dynamics of mid-montane moist evergreen broad-leaved forest on subtropical mountains, Ailaoshan and Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China, and the relationship between the forests and the people, with a view of future sustainability. Annual Report of Pro Natura Fund 16: 153–175.
Turner, I. M., Wong, Y. K., Chew, P. T. & Ibrahim A. B. 1997. Tree species richness in primary and old secondary tropical forest in Singapore. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 537–543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018381111842
Wan, H. 2007. [Plant diversity and its distribution pattern in the forest ecosystem of Lushan Mountain]. PhD Thesis, Forestry University of Beijing, Beijing [in Chinese].
Wang, C.-Y., He, Z.-R. & Peng, M.-C. 2013. [Studies on vegetation and plants in Dulongjiang (upper Irrawaddy River) watershed and adjacent area]. Science Press, Beijing [in Chinese].
Wang, J., Ma, Q.-Y., Du, F. & Yang, Y.-M. 2005. [Altitudinal patterns of seed plants on Dawei Mountain, Yunnan Province, China]. Acta Phytoecologia Sinica 29: 894–900 [in Chinese].
Wang, Y., Liu, Y.-Q., Yan, Q.-P., Deng, Z.-F., Wang, B., Zeng, B.-S. & Guo H. 2009. [A study on the community characteristics of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Dagangshan Mountains of Jiangxi Province]. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis 31: 1055–1068 [in Chinese].
Winkler, M. G. & Wang, P. K. 1993. The Late-Quaternary vegetation and climate of China. In: Wright Jr., H. E., Kutzbach, J. E., Webb III, T., Ruddiman, W. F., Street-Perrott, F. A. & Bartlein, P. J. (Eds.), Global climates since the last glacial maximum. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis: 221–261.
Wolfe, J. A. 1979. Temperature parameters of humid to mesic forests of eastern Asia and relation to forests of other regions of the northern hemisphere and Australasia. (Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1106). United States Government Printing Office, Washington.
Wu, Z. Y. (Ed.) 1980. [The vegetation of China]. Science Press, Beijing [in Chinese].
Wu, Z. Y., Zhu, Y. C. & Jiang, H. C. (Eds.) 1987. [The vegetation of Yunnan]. Science Press, Beijing [in Chinese].
Xia, A.-M. & Nie, L.-Q. 2004. [Discussion about the forest vegetation zonation in Anhui Province]. Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 22: 523–528 [in Chinese].
Xie, Z. & Chen, W. 1998. [The remaining evergreen broad-leaved forest and its significance in Three Gorges Reservoir Area]. Acta Phytoecologia Sinica 22: 422–427 [in Chinese].
Xu, D.-Y. 2005. [Preliminary investigation on the vegetation of Dabashan Nature Reserve and its characteristics]. Journal of Anhui Agriculture University 32: 332–335 [in Chinese].
Xu, X., Qin, Z.-S., Liao, Y.-M., Gu, X.-D., Yang, L. & Zhao, J. 2004. [Study on vegetation of Xiaozhaizigou-Piankou Natural Reserve]. Journal of China West Normal University (Natural Science) 25: 135–143 [in Chinese].
Yang, C.-H., Chen, J.-Y. & Ding, F.-J. 2012. [Study on the plant diversity of Karst forest community in Tianlong Mountain of Puding County]. Guizhou Forestry Science and Technology 40: 1–7 [in Chinese].
Yang, L. 1983. [The structure and dynamics of Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana forest of the Fanjingshan Mountain]. Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica 7: 204–214 [in Chinese].
Yang, X. & Xie, S. 2012. [A comparative study on surface spore-pollen in the mountaintop and mountainside of Mt. Jinfo]. Journal of Mountain Science 30: 655–662 [in Chinese].
Yang, Y., Wu, Z.-L. & Wang, D.-S. (Eds.) 2006. [Nabanhe Watershed National Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna]. Yunnan Science Press, Kunming [in Chinese].
Yang, Y.-F., Ding, H., Xu, H.-G. et al. 2013. [Point pattern analysis of four main plant populations in evergreen broadleaved forests typical of Wuyi Mountains, Southeast China]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment 29: 184– 190 [in Chinese].
Yang, Y.-M & Du, F. (Eds.) 2004. [Nangunhe National Nature Reserve, China]. Yunnan Science Press, Kunming [in Chinese].
Yang, Y.-M. & Du, F. (Eds.) 2006. [Integrated scientific studies of Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Yunnan]. Yunnan Science Press, Kunming [in Chinese].
Yang, Y.-M. & Li, T.-S. (Eds.) 1999. [Integrated scientific studies of Dawei Nature Reserve, Yunnan]. Yunnan Science Press, Kunming [in Chinese].
Yang, Y.-M., Tian, K. & He, S.-J. (Eds.) 2008. [Integrated scientific studies of Wenshan National Nature Reserve, Yunnan]. Science Press, Beijing [in Chinese].
Zhang, Z., Hu, G., Zhu, J. & Ni, J. 2013. Aggregated spatial distributions of species in a subtropical karst forest, southern China. Journal of Plant Ecology 6: 131–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rts027
Zheng, C.-Y., Liu, Z.-L. & Fang, J.-Y. 2004. [Tree species diversity along altitudinal gradient on southeastern and northwestern slopes of Mt. Huanggang, Wuyi Mountains, Fujian, China]. Biodiversity Science 12: 63–74 [in Chinese].
Zhou, Z.-X. (Ed.) 1992. [The forest of Guizhou]. Guizhou Science and Technology Press, Guiyang [in Chinese].
Zhu, B., Chen, A.-P., Liu, Z.-L., Li, G.-Z. & Fang, J.-Y. 2004. [Changes in floristic composition, community structure, and tree species diversity of plant communities along altitudinal gradients on Mt. Maoer, Guangxi, China]. Biodiversity Science 12: 44–52 [in Chinese].
Zhu, H. 2007. [On the classification of forest vegetation in Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan]. Acta Botanica Yunnanica 29: 377–387 [in Chinese].
Zhu, H. 2013. Geographical elements of seed plants suggest the boundary of the tropical zone in China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 386: 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.04.007
Zhu, H. & Yan, L.-C. 2009. Biogeographical affinities of the flora of southeastern Yunnan, China. Botanical Studies 50: 467–475.
Zuo, J.-F. 1995. [Investigation on Michelia martinii]. Chinese Journal of Ecology 14: 27–32 [in Chinese].
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2015 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
© CSIC. Los originales publicados en las ediciones impresa y electrónica de esta Revista son propiedad del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, siendo necesario citar la procedencia en cualquier reproducción parcial o total.Salvo indicación contraria, todos los contenidos de la edición electrónica se distribuyen bajo una licencia de uso y distribución “Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional ” (CC BY 4.0). Puede consultar desde aquí la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia. Esta circunstancia ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario.
No se autoriza el depósito en repositorios, páginas web personales o similares de cualquier otra versión distinta a la publicada por el editor.
